Comparing Love and Marriage in Canterbury Tales, Lanval, Faerie Queene,

Love and Marriage in Canterbury Tales, Lanval, Faerie Queene, and Monsieur's Departure Medieval and Renaissance literature develops the concepts of love and marriage and records the evolution of the relation between them. In Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, Christian love clashes with courtly love, as men and women grapple with such issues as which partner should rule in marriage, the proper, acceptable role of sex in marriage, and the importance of love as a basis for a successful marriage. Works by earlier writers portray the medieval literary notion of courtly love, the sexual attraction between a chivalric knight and his lady, often the knight's lord's wife. The woman, who generally held mastery in these relationships based on physical desire and consummation, dictated the terms of the knight's duties and obligations, much like a feudal lord over a vassal. This microcosm of romance between man and woman was anchored by the macrocosm of the bonds among men and their fealty to their lord. The dominance of women and fealty to the leader in courtly love contrasts with the d ominance ...

Current government priorities Essay

How far does the budget reflect current government priorities? â€Å"Government’s view of the economy could be summed up in a few short phrases: If it moves, tax it. If it keeps moving, regulate it. And if it stops moving, subsidise it† – Ronald Reagan In my coursework I shall be discovering what the annual government budget is, what it is spent on and why, correlating this with current priorities. I shall be investigating to what extent does the governments’ expenditure reflect on these current government priorities i.e. the amount spent on defence, the education sector and social protection. I shall be mostly using secondary research, through using websites and maybe books. I will compare spending from previous budgets to the current one and find out where changes, if any, have been made. Through figuring out where the money is spent, I can discover what the main priorities are but not neglecting the fact that some sectors are larger and undoubtedly require money being spent, e.g. Healthcare and public order & safety. Government expenditure is vital for the efficient running of the economy. The need for much of the government expenditure arises from the facts that some goods will not be provided at all by a free market economy (public goods) and that others will be under-provided (merit goods). It is spending on these goods that accounts for a large proportion of government spending (health, education, police and defence, among others). Some government expenditure is aimed at providing a safety net for the less well off in society and ensuring that they are able to survive in the event that they lose their jobs or have insufficient income. The department that deals with the allocation of most of this money is the Department of Social Security. Other government expenditure is aimed at various areas that may be considered important in a developed economy – providing a transport infrastructure, supporting the work of local government and servicing any debts that may have been accumulated in th e past. Fiscal policy refers to government policy that attempts to influence the direction of the economy through changes in government spending or taxes. Fiscal policy can be contrasted with the other main type of economic policy, ‘monetary policy’ which attempts to stabilize the economy by controlling interest rates and the supply of money. The government in power needs to ensure that the budget expenditure is divided correctly and proportionately to the areas that require it most. This depends on the government priorities. The two main instruments of fiscal policy are government spending and taxation. Changes in the level and composition of taxation and government spending can impact on the following variables in the economy: On aggregate demand and the level of economic activity; the pattern of resource allocation and the distribution of income. Fiscal policy is the use of government expenditure and taxation to manage the economy. The main changes in fiscal policy happen once a year in the Budget. It is in the Budget that the Chancellor sets the levels of taxation and government expenditure for the next fiscal year. The fiscal year runs from 6th April one year until 5th April the following year. This is why the budget is usually in March. The changes in it come generally into effect in the following month. Fiscal policy is based on the theories of British economist John Maynard Keynes. Also known as Keynesian economics, this theory basically states that governments can influence macroeconomic productivity levels by increasing or decreasing tax levels and public spending. This influence, in turn, curbs inflation (generally considered to be healthy when at a level between 2-3%), increases employment and maintains a healthy value of money. Unfortunately, the effects of any fiscal policy are not the same on everyone. Depending on the political orientations and goals of the policymakers, a tax cut could affect only the middle class, which is typically the largest economic group. In times of economic decline and rising taxation, it is this same group that may have to pay more taxes than the wealthier upper class. Similarly, when a government decides to adjust it’s spending; its policy may affect only a specific group of people. A decision to build a new bridge, for example, will give work and more income to hundreds of construction workers. A decision to spend money on building a new space shuttle, on the other hand, benefits only a small, specialized pool of experts, which would not do much to increase aggregate employment levels. Graph to show inflation rates in the UK compared with the United States and Canada. Monetary Policy involves changes in the base rate of interest to influence the rate of growth of aggregate demand, the money supply and ultimately price inflation. Monetarist economists believe that monetary policy is a more powerful weapon than fiscal policy in controlling inflation. Monetary policy also involves changes in the value of the exchange rate since fluctuations in the currency also impact on macroeconomic activity (incomes, output and prices). Basically, it is the process by which the government/ bank controls the supply of money, or trading in foreign exchange markets. Monetary policy is generally referred to as either being an expansionary policy, or a contractionary policy, where an expansionary policy increases the total supply of money in the economy, and a contractionary policy decreases the total money supply. Expansionary policy is traditionally used to combat unemployment in a recession by lowering interest rates, while contractionary policy has the goal of raising interest rates to combat inflation or calming an overheated economy. The government receives its’ money from many different areas, the graph on the next page shows exactly where from and how much: As from the chart we can see that the largest proportion of governments’ income is due to income tax that at à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½157bn it is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½63bn more than the 2nd largest. Tax comes in many forms, as shown by the chart and when totaled up it is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½587bn, this breaks down to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½9,650 for every man, woman and child in the UK per year. What is the money used for and spent on? Well the money that the government has gathered from its’ many different forms of tax is spent entirely on the public. The pie chart below clearly represents what these different sectors are and how much money is actually spent on them. As we can see social protection is predominantly the largest sector that government spending is allocated with a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½57bn lead on the second largest, health, at à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½104bn. From this chart it can be easy to assume that the areas with the largest spending would be those that are the largest priorities. That can be accepted to a certain extent to where you look deeper within that and take into account that some sectors are larger than others and therefore require more money to keep them running, i.e. social protection. Now I shall look at the different sectors and analyze each one, looking at the government’s main aims and objectives and comparing whether the money they are spending on each one is reflecting that; for example if in public order and safety the government wanted to initiate huge crackdown on underage drinkers and vandalism then surely the money spent in that area would be increased dramatically. I shall compare what was spent on those sectors in the year 2006 and compare that with the budget released in 2007. Taking into account inflation, which from 2006 to 2007 was 3% I can work out whether spending, has increased by a lot, remained the same or dropped. To begin with I shall look at the area of social protection, which is the largest of all spending. Social protection consists of policies and programs designed to reduce poverty and vulnerability by promoting efficient labor markets, diminishing people’s exposure to risks, enhancing their capacity to protect themselves against hazards and interruption or loss of income. In 2006 the government spent à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½151bn on social protection whereas in 2007 they spent à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½161bn, which even after taking into account inflation this is still a dramatic increase. This could by due to the fact that unemployment has risen from 2006 – 2007 and with employment and training being an area of social protection, more money is being spent to try and bring the figures down again. The next sector that I shall look at is the environment. Protecting the environment is a major concern for today’s government; well it has been for many years but even more so now. As Britain’s industry continues to expand and destroy most of our beloved countryside and pollute our skies, pressure groups and environmentalists increase the strain on the government to protect and instigate new legislation to help reduce the effects of the unstoppable industry. In attempts to keep these groups happy the government invests more money every year to meet their demands. Examples of these include the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½800m environmental transformation fund and funding for cleaner ways to produce energy such as wind farms and nuclear power. There has been an increase of expenditure for housing and environment from 2006 – 2007 of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4bn, which concludes the fact that it is an ever-increasing issue. This research indicates that current government spending in the environment does directly reflect the fact that is a main priority. In the past 3 years it has shown that the government has increased it’s spending by around à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4bn per annum on the environment. If compared with other sections of spending, the environment ranks lower in comparison with others, such as social protection. This could signify that the environment is not classed as such a high priority; although relating to my earlier point of stating that the some areas are larger and therefore require more money suggests that it is not less of a priority. However, it could also be due to the fact that the government believes that protection of the population and the healthcare too are more of a priority than preserving the environment. So it can be looked at in both ways. I myself believe that the government thinks the environment is less of a priority and therefore less money should be invested there. Healthcare in Britain is different to that in most other countries in the way that we have adopted a system called the National Health Service. The NHS is paid for through our taxes and so therefore offers healthcare for everyone in the UK and securing the provision of comprehensive, high quality care for all those who need it, regardless of their ability to pay or where they live or their age. The aims set out by the Department of Health are to: * Supporting activity at national level to protect, promote and improve the nation’s health; * Securing responsive social care and child protection for those who lack the support they need. The key objectives for pursuing these aims are to: * To reduce the incidence of avoidable illness, disease and injury in the population. * To treat people with illness, disease or injury quickly, effectively and on the basis of need alone. * To enable people, who are unable to perform essential activities of daily living, including those with chronic illness, disability or terminal illness, to live as full and normal lives as possible. * To maximise the social development of children within stable family settings. These aims and objectives are generic to most years of the NHS but as research and new technologies develop the spending must increase to match demands of the population. In 2002 the Chancellor of the Exchequer announced that by 2008 there would be the largest ever increase in health spending at à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½40bn. This is a huge enlargement of the budget spending and obviously shows that health is a main priority if the government is willing to increase it’s spending by this much. It has been released that every year there shall be an increase of around 4% on health spending. Although the government is injecting a large section of the budget into health care it is not dramatically increasing it every year and sacrificing other sector’s money to pour more into healthcare. The government is slowly increasing the amount spent in health and all the time, every year introducing new legislations and targets to make the NHS a more efficient and improved service for everyone within the UK. â€Å"We are determined to maintain our disciplined approach, determined not to make the old British mistakes of paying ourselves too much today at the cost of higher interest rates and fewer jobs tomorrow† – Gordon Brown This quote suggests that by not putting too much money into a single sector it reduces the chances of having an economic backlash in the future. I agree with this and believe that by making smaller steps and gradually increasing expenditure it improves the economy at a much greater scale in the long run and prevents unwanted repercussions that may damage the economy. By pushing more money into the sectors it could cause the desired effect to become counter-productive and hinder more than help. Some people believe that the budget is only increasing in the health sector by such amounts because the ongoing criticisms have driven the government to improve it’s image and please the people to keep the current party in power. Fostering high standards of education is the Government’s greatest responsibility. In England this responsibility lies with the Departments for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF). About 93 per cent of children are educated in state-run primary and secondary schools; the remainder go to independent schools that rely on privately-paid tuition fees. Through these central government organisations, the provision of education in the UK includes monitoring and improving standards in schools, colleges and universities; ensuring that everyone – no matter what disability or special need they may have – is included and has access to high quality education; promoting work experience for young people and vocational training for employees; and encouraging lifelong learning. Through the British Council, the Government actively promotes education in the UK to countries all over the world. Other major organisations help to guide and make welcome some 275,000 overseas students who currently enjoy the advantages of living and studying in the UK. Before June 2007 schools were the responsibility of the former Department for Education and Skills. Education is gradually becoming increasingly more important within the UK as greater than ever numbers of young graduates roam the job market relegating others without degrees into a league of themselves. To employers education is the main thing they look at on CVs, dismissing experience and background for the simple number on the piece of paper. So education is a main priority for the government to try and make Britain’s children as well qualified as they can be, pushing the economy further up the ladder and improving things for all. So education for the government has became a huge priority and this can be shown by the recent announcement to raise the school minimum leaving age to 18; offering college courses and apprenticeships and also A-Levels to every child. Implementing this new legislation would obviously require a huge increase in the budget allocated for education, which would either mean another increased tax, which has happened for the past 11 years while Gordon Brown had been Chancellor, or sacrificing other areas of spending to improve education. Making these decisions requires undoubtedly many months of thinking and consultation before arriving at a suitable judgment. In the 2007 budget report, the government announced that investment in education and skills would rise to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½90bn by 2010/2011. In a clearer spectrum, there is a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4bn increase from 2006 to 2007 then a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5bn increase from 2007 to 2008 and therefore proves that the government is gradually increasing the percentage increase spent on education annually. In evaluation it can be said that although there isn’t a dramatic increase in the spending on the education sector, there are other factors that affect the efficiency of it too. For example money may not be being spent efficiently in the employment and the social protection areas, which are having a direct effect on the education, this can easily be mistaken as problems within the education spending rather than stepping back and realising that it could be issues somewhere else. Increasing the funding in education and training programs could significantly reduce unemployment levels (a major concern for the government) and increase the productivity per worker. In the UK the productivity per worker is substantially lower than other countries such as the US and Germany by as far as 30% in 2002. I believe that education is a major priority for the current government as competition from other countries towers above Britain and with the productivity per worker as low as it is, surely suggests that something within the education sector must be improved to raise our working standards. As the investment in education carries on rising at such rates it must be taken for granted it is becoming an even greater priority, especially with other countries almost mocking us with their efficiency. In 2007 we missed 24 of our 57 targets set by the government in education which raised awareness of the problem widely and brought it to the forefront of priorities. I believe in Britain we need better qualifications to lower unemployment and bring our workforce into the productivity ranges we need to compete with other countries or otherwise our place in the world’s economy will gradually being to fall. In comparison with previous years spending the 2007 budget does not seem to have any major, out of place differences with previous years and generally it appears every sector has just risen with the same annual percentage. However it is within these sectors where the money expenditure has changed. Implementing new legislations and programs, eliminating ineffective ideas and changing the dynamics of how each area is run is where the change in money being spent has taken place. This is a pie chart to represent the budget was spent in 2006: In 2007: In conclusion the amount spent on each sector does reflect the amount to which it is a priority but many other factors must be taken into account when judging that. Some areas such as social protection are such a far larger sector than that of industry, agriculture, employment and training and therefore will ultimately require more money to keep it running smoothly and keep the economic balance. Other areas may be of greater importance and priority such as education, but by spending ridiculous amounts of money on it will be counter-productive and cause many long term problems so despite the fact it is more of a priority, by spending less money on it does not reflect that. By reviewing past years budgets and comparing them with more recent ones it is possible to find where greater amounts of spending has occurred and what sectors are gradually having a greater percentage increase in their spending annually. Another reason why spending doesn’t reflect current government priorities is because although spending may not increase that much, time and effort to reorganise and implement new legislation to improve an area could equally suggest that it is a priority but money would not solve it, just improving the efficiency would. Sometimes spending money on one area will directly affect another positively anyway such as improving education will also improve employment and training. As a general rule the government’s role is to keep inflation low, keep unemployment low, balance in international trade and maintain a flourishing and prospering economy. The government has been investing large amounts of money into training schemes and other projects that have ultimately led to the unemployment rate falling to 5.2% in February 2008. The claimant count was 793,500 in February 2008, down 2,800 over the previous month and down 126,500 over the year. This is the lowest figure since June 1975. The claimant count has now fallen for 17 consecutive months. This shows that the investments into training and education has led to the fall in unemployment which proves my theory that spending in other sectors subsequently helps others. One could just quite plainly say that the government spending does not reflect current government priorities or otherwise if it did then there would be a perfect economy because the money spent would be used to it’s full potential in exactly the right places, doing exactly the right thing; lowering unemployment, improving healthcare, lowering inflation etc. I believe that the difference in the previous budget and the current one describes the extent to which the budget reflects current government priorities better than the looking at the budget itself as the current priorities will determine how much spending will increase in each sector and those with the larger increases (after taking into account inflation) show that they are more of a priority than those with little or no increase. Generally, the government invests the money into areas which is sees to be crucial for the future, so dependent on the priorities, the budget is spent taking into account these and areas of needed development; so if it isn’t spent directly reflecting government priorities, it has taken these into account and spent it most wisely considering areas that need improvement but are not always priorities. Bibliography http://tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/fiscalpolicy/public_spending.htm http://www.bized.co.uk/virtual/economy/policy/tools/government/ http://tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/fiscalpolicy/public_spending.htm http://www.bized.co.uk/virtual/economy/policy/tools/government/gexpex.htm http://budget2007.treasury.gov.uk/page_09.htm http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/budget/budget_07/bud_bud07_index.cfm http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/spending_review/spend_index.cfm http://budget2006.treasury.gov.uk/page_09.html http://www.adb.org/SocialProtection/default.asp http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/Documents/UK_Economy/Fiscal_Policy/ukecon_fisc_policy99.cfm http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780198776222/carlin_chap05.pdf http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/index.htm http://www.ntd.co.uk/idsbookshop/details.asp?id=844 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/ http://www.bized.co.uk/virtual/bank/business/external/policy/expl.htm http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page7489.asp

Sports Marketing The Agent Athlete Relationship and...

Due to the nature and complexity of contracts, agents are expected to have a background in contract law and be knowledgeable in finance, business management, financial and risk analysis, and of course, sports. In order to be a successful sports agent one must not only be a great negotiator, but also be highly motivated, have exceptional communication skills, be prepared to work long hours and handle multiple tasks at the same time. An agent must be able to apply effective marketing principles. The â€Å"Four P’s† of marketing are: 1. Product (or Service) - What does the athlete want from the agent? What needs does the agent satisfy? 2. Promotion- How is the agent successfully promoting the athlete? 3. Price- What value does the athlete give†¦show more content†¦An athlete prefers the best public image possible and to obtain that image the player must only associate themselves with individuals that are held in high regards and highly respected in the public’s mind. An agent that has participated in questionable acts could taint an athlete’s image. Therefore, an athlete would want no association with that agent A perfect agent would be an honest and loyal agent that abides by both federal and state laws governing agent athlete relations. An agent that will always put the athlete’s interest before their own and be highly dedicated to ensuring the athlete gets the best deal possible in every situation that arises throughout the athlete’s life. Ethical Issues Athletes and the sports industry have turned into a multi-billion dollar business annually. Stacked on top of that is that leagues and educational institutions receive multi-million dollar media contracts each year. This is so that broadcasters such as NBC, FOX, and TNT have the rights to broadcast that team or leagues games. The surge of money in the sports industry has led to an influx of agents into the world of agent athletes. Consequently, a fierce competition for client representation has arisen due to the overcrowded nature of the sports industry with sports agents. This competition has sparked many agents to do whatever necessary to reach an agreement with athletes. InShow MoreRelatedSport Agents and Amateur Athletes2802 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿ Sport Agents and Amateur Athletes Katie Brown 7/18/2013 Introduction Sport agents typically handle contract negotiations for athletes, as well as any public relation issues, finance issues, and endorsement deals (Evans, 2010). Over the years, however, sport agents have become more to athletes than just a contract negotiator; they have taken upon the additional tasks of marketing their client’s ability, persona, and brand. WithRead MoreThe Legality, Morality, Social Responsibility of Paying College Athletes8736 Words   |  35 Pages | | | | Date of Submission: 12/021/2012 Title of Assignment: Term Paper – â€Å"Integrating Values – The Legality, Morality, and Social Responsibility of Paying College Athletes† CERTIFICATION OF AUTHORSHIP: I certify that I am the author of this paper and that any assistance I received in its preparation is fully acknowledged and disclosed in the paper. I have also cited any sources from which I used data, ideas or wordsRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility in Sports3830 Words   |  16 PagesCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY 1. INTRODUCTION Over the past several years the sports industry has grown phenomenally, and it now ranks among the largest industries in the world. Concomitant with its growth is an increase in the importance of a element of value which is the corporate social responsibility which has become a necessity in terms of the bottom line. Illegal and immoral activities in all settings have emerged to the point that some factions of the society have made efforts toRead MoreSalt Lake Olympic Bribery Scandal Essay8624 Words   |  35 Pagesthe United States at Salt Lake City, Utah. The tournament opened on February 8, 2002 and closed on February 24, 2002. There were 77 NOCs, 2,399 athletes, 78 events, 22,000 volunteers and 8,730 of the media. â€Å"The Games saw the expansion of the Olympic program to 78 events, including the return of skeleton and the introduction of women’s bobsleighs. Athletes from a record 18 National Olympic Committees earned gold medals, including first-ever gold for China and Australia† (Olympic.org). The OlympicRead MoreUnderstanding Marketing Management16709 Words   |  67 PagesPART 1 Understanding Marketing Management Chapter 1 | Defining Marketing for the 21st Century Chapter 2 | Developing Marketing Strategies and Plans a Ch ter p 1 In This Chapter, We Will Address the Following Questions 1. Why is marketing important? 2. What is the scope of marketing? 3. What are some core marketing concepts? 4. How has marketing management changed in recent years? 5. What are the tasks necessary for successful marketing management? One of the key factors in BarackRead MoreMarketing plan for shoes company -New Balance7828 Words   |  32 Pages1. Introduction Founded by William Riley in 1906 as the New Balance Arch Company, in Belmont, MA, New Balance manufactured arch supports and orthopedic shoes. During the fifties and sixties, athletes turned to the company for customized running shoes due to New Balances unique expertise in handcrafting specialized footwear. Paul Kidd bought the company in 1956 and increased the shoe-making sector as demand grew. Production of running shoes soon became the companys primary source of business. TheRead MorePromotional Mix : Marketing And Sales Promotion2342 Words   |  10 PagesThere are six main elements to the promotional mix. These consist of: advertising, personal selling, public relations, sponsorships, direct marketing and sales promotion. Advertising is the promotion of a product or service that attracts the public’s attention. Examples of advertising include billboards, newspapers, leaflets, magazines, social media etc. Personal selling is when businesses persuade customers to purchase a particular product through their employees. This is usually achieved by providingRead MoreStrategic Analysis of Nike Inc12147 Words   |  49 PagesChartÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â… p.34 Marketing Short-term Strategy ChartÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…..p.35 Production Short-term Strategy ChartÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….p.36 Research and Development Short-term Strategy ChartÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…..p.37 Human Resources Short-term Strategy ChartÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…...p.37 Finance Short-term Strategy Chart.Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….p.38 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Nike Inc. was founded in 1962 by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight as a partnership under the name, Blue Ribbon Sports. Our modest goalRead MoreNike Strategy Analysis12215 Words   |  49 Pages34 10. Marketing Short-term Strategy Chart†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..p.35 11. Production Short-term Strategy Chart†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.p.36 12. Research and Development Short-term Strategy Chart†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..p.37 13. Human Resources Short-term Strategy Chart†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...p.37 14. Finance Short-term Strategy Chart.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.p.38 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Nike Inc. was founded in 1962 by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight as a partnership under the name, Blue Ribbon Sports. Our modestRead MoreEssay on Comm 287 Study Guide4506 Words   |  19 Pagesthe traditional all American manufacturers’ for market share. hey claimed that producing goods was only part of their operations 4. What tools and materials are needed for creating a brand? brand extensions, continuously renewed imagery for marketing and, most of all, fresh new spaces to disseminate the brands idea of itself 5. What is the difference between the brand and the advertisement? Advertising any given product is only one part of brandings grand plan, as are sponsorship and

Short Stories

Scenario Solution Essay examples - 1678 Words

HSM/220 Human Services Administration: So You Want To Help People 08/18/2013 Scenario Solution As more and more students drop out of schools is important to put money together in order to open up more programs that will help them gain the educational skills that will ensure that students learn the skills they need to obtain a job and be able to accomplish their tasks successfully. Making this happen will take close attention and a lot of work, understanding, and conversation. To define goals and share achievements as they happen from all teams which include educators, students, and the community. The challenge is to provide high school drop-outs with enough information and help them boost their confidence to find a job.†¦show more content†¦There are many obstacles to be overcome while trying to motivate high schools drop-outs. We must compete with companies that hire students for jobs that require low skills like fast food restaurants, manual labor like landscaping or maintenance jobs. For this companies to make profits they must hire people that will only earn the lowest wages. In order to help school drop-outs realize these companies are taking advantage of them, we must post fliers or brochures around the businesses and the community. To make sure that the advertisement on the fliers is effective, we will use the advertisement team to create, design and print out pamphlets, flyers, brochures, and other information necessary about the organization. In order to compete with the companies that hire drop-out students, we must ensure that students realize that it’s important to achieve more in life, to have a more financial stable future for them and their families. To achieve all the goals mention we must have community support. The community partners can help us by sharing a place to hold meetings. When deciding where to meet monthly or weekly, it is important to vary where the meetings are held by meeting outdoors. Many high schools students have a passion for sports and sharing activities after a meeting will definitely encourage them to assist every meeting. Holding community outreach programs at a local park can alleviate the expenditures. Holding these meetingsShow MoreRelatedScenario Solution1790 Words   |  8 PagesScenario Solution HSM 220 February 27, 2011 Sandra Whitlock, M.A. Scenario Solution The current state of the economy in the United States today has placed more pressure on Human Service Organizations. Human Service Organizations are private or public organizations that help meet the needs of people in the communities that surround them. Locally, many programs that have helped countless numbers of people are forced to cut down on services or simply close. In this community, becauseRead MoreEvaluating Ethical Solutions Associated With Real Life Situations866 Words   |  4 PagesThis paper is a reflection on the experience of a group assignment which challenged the group to consider ethical solutions associated with real life situations. Although, individuals have different goods in which they protect and promote sometimes this limits agreement concerning what is right. (Arnett, Harden, and Bell 2008, p. 25) In addition, this paper will also demonstrate how group members can learn from each other, and consider the challenges, if any, a member might experience. Overall,Read MoreThe Issue Of Availability And Quality Of The Information That You Base Scenarios1427 Words   |  6 Pagesyou base scenarios on. In order for any scenario to be successful, the type of information used must be current, relevant and reliable. If this is not the case then your scenario will not be effective at all, leading to a disastrous event which might even proceed to an organisation losing a lot of money eventually closing down. So carefully analysis of the type of information received and from which source is this information received from must be considered. When developing a scenario, a deep insightfulRead MoreTaking a Look at the G-Computers Company1033 Words   |  4 Pagesbut also enterprises solutions along with networking which includes sales of hardware and software as well. G-computers is a well-established and one of best rated solution provider of Pakistan. It has always been the hallmark of excellence and perfection since its inception. G-Computers is a proactive and reliable company which always meets the need of its customer. With a consummate portfolio and an array of products and services G-Computers provides round-the-clock solutions to its customer, whichRead MoreMy Problem with Procrastination523 Words   |  2 Pagescome up with all the solutions to our problems we are having. That is the best way I can think of at this time, so we can fine the solutions to our problems. I am hoping this will fix our problems with our relationship. Working out the details of my solution will start with asking questions such as; what do I want my significant other to do? The solution could be he can read parenting books to better understand how to deal with a cranky toddler. To determine the best solution I will have to gatherRead MoreAn Example Of Diffusion Of The Plasma Membrane1647 Words   |  7 PagesI. Introduction There’s not much that comes to mind when it’s time for that first cup of coffee in the morning except hoping that it’s strong enough to stimulate the mind for the time being. This real life scenario is an example of diffusion. Simple right? When cream is poured into coffee it remains heavily concentrated in the area it was poured at and eventually spreads throughout it. The more the coffee is stirred the quicker the cream spreads even more. Sugar would do the same thingRead MoreCase Analysis : On Travelink Solutions2104 Words   |  9 PagesTravelink Solutions Case study Introduction The case analysis performed on Travelink Solutions is to evaluate the problem facing by the Travelink and the decisions taken by the management which affected Travelink. The Organization Change Theory helped me to get to know what Change is going in the organization. With the help of theories I can easily visualize what exactly is happening. Change agents are critical as they are the sources of energy and intellect that help organizationalRead MoreScenario Thinking Or Scenario Analysis989 Words   |  4 Pagesis based on scenarios, and the fact that they don’t predict the future, but they appear to be more like hypotheses that ask â€Å"what if† though in a disciplined manner. Scenarios are stories, images or maps of the future. There is more to a scenario than what meets the ear or eye and in this research report I will be explaining further to you what scenarios are by answering questions about them. Let us read further and discover more about scenarios. Definition of a Scenario A scenario is a view ofRead MoreWhy Students Were Wrong For Copying Articles Without Acknowledging The Source1061 Words   |  5 Pagescapabilities. For example, if someone wants to become a better student, they will attend the necessary workshops to improve on their weaknesses. People who strengthen their weaknesses, develop a confidence to achieve whatever they desire. Module Two Scenario A Maria received an iPod for her birthday and discovered that she could download free songs from the internet. The reason for this occurrence is Maria has access to download her favorite tunes for free. This can be a problem since she’s not payingRead MoreExamples Of 7 Tenets For Building A Digital Enterprise Of Future1205 Words   |  5 Pagesbusiness as digital business model Digital transformation calls for a change in the business model as well. The traditional linear business model (from supplier to consumer) will not work anymore. At present, platforms have dominated the business scenario, where technology is the main driver instead of resource and cost as in the case with traditional models. If you are still functioning in the linear fashion, it is time to rethink the business model. In Mahindra Mahindra ltd., we have understood

Claude McKay free essay sample

Claude McKay was one of the most influential figures in twentieth-century African American literature. When mentioning controversial writers, Claude McKay comes to mind. He was first of many African American writers who became known for speaking his mind through literature during the early 1900s. He used his gift of creativity with words to express his feelings on various issues. Claude McKay is an unforgettable African-American writer who was influenced by his culture as well as other writers, which encouraged him to write poetry, novels, and short stories about politics, human rights, and racism. McKay’s culture, background, and important figures formed him into the inspirational writer we know today. Festus Claudius McKay, known as â€Å"Claude,† was the youngest of eleven children. McKay was born on September 15, 1889 on the family farm, Sunny Ville, in central Jamaica to Thomas Francis and Ann Elizabeth McKay (Cagan). Living in central Jamaica, McKay experienced equality in African-Americans. Between 1922 and 1934, McKay lived in Britain, Russia, Germany, France, Spain, and Morocco. During this time period, a new wave of African-American writing, known as the Harlem Renaissance, widely spread across America (Singh). Once he moved to the Unites States at age eighteen, he realized that African-Americans are not treated the same everywhere. By experiencing these different outlooks, McKay was able to expose his views toward his writings. Growing up, McKay met a few inspirational figures that encouraged him to pursue writing. For instance, Edward Jekyll encouraged McKay to explore his native dialect and to write poetry about the world he lives in (Cagan). Hearing the blacks complain about earning a living inspired McKay and that is what his most well known poetry and novels were about, such as Home to Harlem. Another person McKay met was Sinclair Lewis. Lewis gave him â€Å"a few cardinal and practical points about the writing of a book of novel† that McKay says he â€Å"did not forget when I got to writing Home to Harlem†(Grant). McKay became first of many writers who voiced the opinion of the suppressed black people through literature that led him to success. The main ideals of this poet were to raise social conflicts and to inspire his people. In 1917 his first New York publication was in The Seven Arts magazine that published The Harlem Dancer and Invocation (â€Å"Festus †). After these poems were published many were to follow. Another well-known poem by McKay is â€Å"If We Must Die. † In this poem, McKay expresses both love for America and hate for racism. McKay is credited with having inspired the Renaissance with the poem when the nation was gripped with red scare and race riots (Cagan). â€Å"If We Must Die† won him great popularity because it powerfully evoked the mood of African American communities during the time period. McKay published Home to Harlem in 1928, which provides a detailed portrayal of the underside of black urban life, especially with its prostitutes and gamblers. Home to Harlem gained recognition as the first commercially successful novel by a black writer (Grant). McKay continued to write poetry, short stories, and novels that revealed that expressed the moods of blacks’ desperation and defiance that is what he soon became known for. McKay attempted through his career to resolve the complexities surrounding the black man’s contradictory situation. McKay says, â€Å"Color-consciousness was the fundamental of my restlessness. And it was something with which my white fellow-expatriates could sympathize but which they could not altogether understand† (â€Å"Festus†¦). McKay believes, and definitely shows, that whatever race or whatever color, these people should all be treated with equality. In many ways McKay’s writing affected his life, but in even more ways McKay’s life affected his writing. Claude McKay’s poetry and novels work ranged from celebrating peasant life in Jamaica to fairly rebellious poems challenging white authority in America that have found an increasing audience in the recent years. Through time, McKay became known as the fieriest and the most determined black poet. David Goldweber describes McKay as â€Å"steadfast† and â€Å"resolute† (Goldweber). As a writer, McKay never wandered from his attempt to equalize white and black. McKay’s work had a type of musical dialect that emphasized the sharp anger of its subject- racism. Goldweber explains that McKay’s work â€Å"lacked the jazzy inventiveness of Hughes and the stately craftsmanship of Cullen, but it compensated through the sheer force of its honesty and bluntness† (Goldweber). McKay continued to express his opinions through aggression and hostility in his writings. In â€Å"Harlem Shadows†, Goldweber clarifies that McKay showed â€Å"belligerence, sorrow, and hatred† for Western civilization, and rage against separation towards the black community. McKay made it known that he could not shake the sense of something unequalled working in and through human life. Claude McKay became a remarkable poet, novelist, and American Literature writer who was inspired by the society and influential figures that came into his life. McKays viewpoints and poetic achievements in the earlier part of the twentieth century set the tone for the Harlem Renaissance and gained the deep respect of younger black poets of that time. The writings of Claude McKay were constantly changing throughout his life and caused him to be the most dynamic poet of the Harlem Renaissance.

Political Stability in New Democracies free essay sample

For new democracies in the developing world, which system—presidentialism or parliamentarism— is more likely to ensure political stability? Why? And do we have a universal answer for all countries? Presidentialism and Parliamentarism are two of the most commonly practised political systems in modern politics, whether they be existing in pure forms or hybrid forms. Amongst the two, which system is more conducive to the maintenance of political stability, particularly in newly democratized states, has remained heatedly discussed. Presidentialism and Parliamentarism are differentiated by the election and removal methods of the political leader of the executive branch, the scope of authority of the executive leader, and the power relationship between the executive and the legislative branches. Their distinctive features have ensured political stability in one way or another, which will be discussed and contrasted in this paper. To assist analysis, â€Å"political stability† shall be defined as â€Å"smooth transition to and consolidation of democracy† in the context of this paper. We will write a custom essay sample on Political Stability in New Democracies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To substantiate the analysis, examples of new democracies arisen from the Third Wave of Democratization will be included. Lastly, a concluding remark shall be drawn on the question whether there is a universal answer for all new democracies. Presidentialism is widely adopted in the United States of America (US) and Latin America. A key feature of presidentialism is the independence of the executive and legislative branches from each other. The president, as head of the executive branch and the whole government, is â€Å"independently elected on the basis of popular election† (Mahler, 2008). Since he enjoys public mandate derived from the election, neither him, nor the cabinet chosen by him, are directly accountable to the legislature. He is often vested with two important roles, namely the Head of State (performing symbolically as the representative of a state in ceremonial functions) and the Head of Government (administrative role). With both the executive and the legislature popularly elected, the two branches enjoy dual authority. President enjoys fixed term of office, usually subject to re-elections at regular intervals. It is often difficult to remove president except through impeachment. For example, the US President may only be removed from office by the impeachment of Congress under 4 circumstances through a complicated trial process (Section 4, Article II, US Constitution). Parliamentarism is well received and practised in European countries, such as the United Kingdom (UK) and Spain. It is often characterized as â€Å"Fusion of powers† (Heywood, 2000), as the Prime Minister is the party leader of the majority party, elected from the same election as other members of the parliament. In other words, he has an overlapping membership in the executive and legislative branches. The relationship between the Prime Minister and the Parliament is described as mutually dependent (Stepan amp; Skach, 1993). On one hand, the Prime Minister relies on the support of the Parliament to gain office and sustain power, and may easily be removed with a vote of no-confidence. On the other hand, he enjoys the authority to dissolve the legislature in cases of major political deadlocks. Parliamentary election is usually held more flexibly without a regular time interval. The Third Wave of Democratization emerged after the decline of authoritarian rule and â€Å"the strengthening of civil society† (Shin, 1994) with an increase in public’s civil awareness towards their own political rights. Nevertheless, fight for political power and ethnical cleavages were not uncommon at the beginning stage of democratization (Lijphart, 1996), and were often obstacles of pursuance of political stability and consolidation of democracy. Therefore, a parliamentary system, known for its flexibility, more equal power delegation and impetus to political cooperation and party development, is more likely to ensure political stability in new democracies. Firstly, after fall of a political regime and the rise of another, society is usually politically divided, giving rise to diverse political voices and numerous political parties (Shin, 1994). To ensure political stability and prevent riots, it is important to give representation to different parties, so that their cultural and political interests are articulated and catered to. Under parliamentarism, upon no simple majority vote on any party is casted, political parties are forced to form coalitions with other political parties, thus addressing the diverse interests of different groups in society. An example would be the first free election of Spain after democratization, where a total of 4 parties managed to win seats in the parliament, with none claiming a plurality vote (Linz, 1990). Proportional representation system, in complementary with parliamentarism, can â€Å"counteract potential threats to national unity and political stability in ethnically heterogeneous countries† (Rokkan, S. 1970, as cited in Lijphart, 1996). Bagehot (1981) observed that â€Å"the mutual dependence of cabinet and parliament for survival creates a strong incentive for legislators to form stable coalitions behind broad policy platforms†, hence more effectively aggregating and articulating the national diverse interests. Yet, the competitive nature of the president ial elections in presidentialism favours majoritarian and fosters two-party system, given that the presidency is nondivisive (Lijphart, 1996; Stepan amp; Skach, 1993), as well as that huge amount of financial resources and manpower are focused on running for the presidential election. Linz (1990) contended that the winner-takes-all presidential election further polarizes the society, pushing public to the two edges of the political spectrum. As such, politics may be dominated by key players while political voices of the minorities may be ignored. While two-party system may grow in popularity in well-developed states like the US and UK nowadays, this may be detrimental to the political stability of new democracies, especially at the beginning stage when society is rather divided and polarized about the change of political regime. Society may also be characterized by ethnic cleavages, further pushing for the need of an inclusive political system. According to Lijphart (1985), the institutional design of parliamentarism is more favourable for the creation of a consociational society and power-sharing among players with different ethnic backgrounds and vested interests. Secondly, the relationship between the executive and legislature is the key to ensuring governing efficiency and effectiveness. Under parliamentarism, the Prime Minister, who holds a membership in the Parliament, often finds it easier to demand loyal support of the Parliament when legislating policies, especially if he is the majority party leader. Strict party discipline further promotes cooperation between the government and the legislature. On the contrary, executive-legislative deadlock is commonly found in a presidential government, especially in situations where the legislature is dominated by President’s rival party, resulting in a ‘lame-duck’ administration. Even in well-established presidential political system like that of US, disagreement between the President and the legislature can result in devastating consequences like temporary closedown of the federal government due to a lack of appropriations in 1996. (Gressle, S. S. , 1999). The massive failures of Latin American countries in Reversed Second Wave, which were mostly presidential regimes, were also due to the deadlocks between the two branches of the government (Shin, 1994). Considering the wide spectrum of political cleavages at the infancy of democracy in the country, a cooperative executive-legislative relationship is crucial to ensuring the proper functioning of the government and a smooth transition to democracy. More importantly, without a reliable support of the legislative majority in policy-making process, the President is more prone to resort to using decree authority (Power, n. d. ), bypassing the legislature. For instance, since 1939, 90% of the international agreements between the US and other foreign powers were signed at the discretion of the President without prior approval of the Senate as required by the Constitution (LII, n. d. ). Even if the Separation of Powers doctrine and the Checks and Balances mechanism are in place, there are circumstances where the President can circumvent the rules. This poses a great danger, especially to new democracies, for the President’s power can easily go unrestrained, leading to over-centralized power in the executive branch, or worse, in a single person as contended by Lijphart (1996). Thirdly, Prime Minister in parliamentary democracies undergoes less time pressure when compared to President in presidentialism. Linz (1990) noted that the fixed term of office of the President constraints his ability to implement far-reaching promises, such as radical social policies. In fact, policy initiatives tend to be ill-conceived and discontinuous, as President is more likely to make hasty decisions to win support of the public, with his mind set on his own agenda of getting re-elected (Mahler, 2008). Nevertheless, Huntington (1991) observed a distinctive unprecedented economic boom giving rise to the Third Wave of Democratization. In face of ever-changing economic situations, it is essential for a newly developed democratic government to possess vision and long-term planning for the political and economic development of the country. In turn, good governing performance helps consolidate the legitimacy of the government and consequently builds public confidence in the new political system. Unlike presidentialism, Prime Minister in parliamentarism is less limited by the time frame of political term. He has larger capacity to launch long-term goals and developmental plans for the country, which may largely be in line with party initiatives. Fourthly, parliamentarism favours peaceful transition of political power. While the public enjoy the right to vote for the President under presidentialism, removal of president is often criticized of being too difficult when compared to the simple vote of no-confidence process in parliamentarism (Linz, 1990). For instance, despite over a year of impeachment process, President Bill Clinton was not convicted successfully. Public’s frustration over the performance of President, whose power is ineffectively restrained by the legislature at times, may lead to reluctant military intervention, destructing the newly developed democratic system. This was exemplified by the military coup to pull down President Allende of Chile in 1973, in which Allende allegedly abused his political power and impose strict controls on the public (Mainwarang, 1993). With reference to Stepan amp; Skach’s study (1993), presidential democracies were twice more likely to experience military coups. In short, the rigidity of the presidential system leaves little room and long waiting time for prompt readjustment in political system, and thus leaders may be incapable of coping with challenges in time during political transition, possibly causing more political instability than parliamentarism. Lastly, level of civil political participation remains a crucial factor to the success of the consolidation of democracy. It is vital for the public to feel empowered with their vote through the performance of the legislature in setting policy vis-a-vis the executive, so that popular support for the new representative political institution will be sustained (Carey, 1997). Under parliamentarism, development of political parties has flourished, with at least one third of the 34 parliamentary democracies having 3-7 effective political parties in their political systems, in contrast to none with 2. or more in pure presidential democracy (Stepan amp; Skach, 1993). Political party serves as an important and public channel for interest aggregation and articulation, bridging the government and the public. More importantly, the effective functioning of political parties with acknowledged achievements motivates public to be active in politics. Ultimately, democracy is â€Å"rule of peopleâ₠¬ , where people plays an important role in stabilizing the new political system. In spite of all the above reasons, it is difficult to conclude parliamentary system is the universal answer to all new democracies, given the special historical, cultural and socioeconomic factors in every state. Presidential democracy works well in some newly democratized states like South Korea, which is highly regarded as a â€Å"fully functioning modern democracy† (CIA World Factbook, 2009). On the other hand, failure of presidentialism in some countries may not be entirely attributable to the political institution itself only. In the example of Latin America, Shugart (1995) challenged that historical or cultural factors may also be blamed for the failure in developing democracy in the form of presidentialism, based on the fact that most new presidential regimes were especially concentrated in a certain region. All in all, parliamentary and presidential system each has its virtues and vices. While there may not be a universal answer for political development, it is important to give consideration to the unique political and socioeconomic environment of each state.